邢唷>? SU?R欹[€ 餜蜤bjbj8J螑螑Dp<<vTOOOccc8\$cf!&(CCCC  $?.&L 9Ouuu OOCCp !U U U uOCOC U u U U U C?a"磅c*U 6!0f!U z&9 z&U z&OU XSrU \!T U f!uuuuz&< K: Summary of PleadingFirstly, the attack on the hospital, conducted by Morganian Air Force, was not attributable to Rigalia because Morganian Air Force, at the moment of attacking the hospital, was not at the disposal of Rigalia, nor was it on the specific instruction of, or under direction or control of Rigalia. On the contrary, the attack on the hospital was an HYPERLINK "app:ds:ultra"ultra HYPERLINK "app:ds:vires"vires of Rigalia抯 instruction to 揳void unnecessary and disproportionate military actions, and was exercised not under the control of Rigalia. Secondly, because of the absence of attribution, Rigalia bears no responsibility for this attack, and thus does not burden the reparation, i.e., investigation or compensation.Thirdly, the operation against Bermal is legitimate under IHL because it does not violate the principle of distinction and proportionality. On the one hand, the operation does not violate distinction because it directly aimed at Bermal, a leader of ZDP and major decision-maker of the terrorism, who is a combatant but not civilian. On the other hand, the operation does not violate proportionality since the casualties on the hospital was not expected by anyone ever and could not be regarded as excessive to the military advantage anticipated.PleadingII. THE ATTACK ON THE BAKCHAR VALLEY HOSPITAL WAS NOT ATTRIBUTABLE TO RIGALIA AND RIGALIA HAS NO OBLIGATION TO INVESTIGATE THE ATTACK OR TO COMPENSATE ARDENIA THEREFORE; MOREOVER, THE ACT WAS NOT AN ACT OF AGGRESSION BUT PART OF A LEGITIMATE AND PROPORTIONATE OPERATION TO DEFEND AGAINST ZETIAN TERRORISTS.A. The attack on the hospital was not attributable to Rigalia and therefore Rigalia has no obligation to investigate the attack or to compensate Ardenia.The attack on the hospital was conducted by Morgania抯 air force. The relevant rules for this conduct to be attributable to Rigalia are Art.6 (on 揳t the disposal? and Art.8 (on 搃nstruction, direction or control? of the Articles of Responsibility of State for Internationally Wrongful Acts (揇raft Articles?. Neither rule is satisfied in this case. And thus Rigalia has no obligation to investigate the attack or compensate Ardenia . 1. Morganian Air Force is not at the disposal of Rigalian.The Draft Articles Art.6 stipulates that the conduct of a State抯 organ placed at the disposal of another State should be attributed to the former State. The term 揳t the disposal requires that the organ acting 搖nder the authority of, and 揻or the purpose of the receiving State?揢nder authority requires the organ of sending State exercises the element of authority of the receiving State, which is empowered by the latter抯 domestic law. However, here, no evidence shows that Morganian Air Force抯 engagement in the Operation is empowered by Rigalia抯 domestic law. Specifically, in the circumstances of assisting another State抯 self-defence, the sending armed forces are recognized as exercising authority of the sending State rather than of the receiving State. Therefore, Morganian Air Force is not 搖nder the authority of Rigalia.揊or the purpose of the receiving State excludes the circumstances when there exists a shared purpose between the sending State and receiving State. However, Morgania and Rigalia shared the purpose of self-defence, as Morganian had also been threatened by ZDP terrorism. Therefore, Morganian Air Force is not at the disposal of Rigalia.2. The conducts of Morganian soldiers are not on the instruction of, or under the direction or control of Rigalia.For a conduct to be attributable to the receiving State, the instructions should be particularly specific rather than general. Such as in Iran Hostage case, the instruction given to students, encouraging them to do 揳ll their might? was held by this Court to be too general for attribution. Here, Rigalia only urged Morgania to combat terrorists without any further concrete orders, thus excluding attribution to Rigalia.揅ontrol or 揹irection means domination over each conduct, requiring 揺ffective control? while even a 揼eneral control over a force with high degree of dependency would not suffice. In Nicaragua case, the command, training and organization of mercenaries by U.S. was not attributable for lacking a sufficient level of domination. In this case, Rigalia never controlled.Morganian Air Force since the latter had discretion in whether to carry out each single attack, let alone any 揺ffective control?3. Rigalia has no obligation to investigate the attack or to compensate Ardenia.On one hand, the Draft Articles stipulate no requirements for investigation. On the other hand, compensation is required only when State responsibility is provoked. However, since the attack on the hospital is not attributed to Rigalia, it bears no obligation to investigate the attack or to compensate Ardenia.B. The act was not an act of aggression but part of a legitimate and proportionate operation to defend against Zetian terrorists.The 揃ermal operation (揙peration? is not an act of aggression but a self-defence , and is legitimate under IHL since it is consistent with the rules of IHL, specifically, the principles of distinction and proportionality.1. The Operation is not an act of aggression but of self-defence.A use of force does not amount to aggression if it is legitimate self-defence. As clarified above, Rigalia抯 use of force against Zetian terrorists in Ardenia is self-defence, thus it cannot be considered aggression.2. The operation is consistent with distinction.The principle of distinction requires that attacks must not be directed against civilians, and the weapons used, the drone and missiles in this case, are not per se indiscriminate and are used in accordance with IHL.2.1 Bermal is a combatant rather than a civilian under IHL.Members of an armed organization in an armed conflict are combatants. The ICRC makes it clear that 搈embers of organized armed groups 卌ease to be civilians卆nd lose protection against direct attack. This identity remains even if they are residing in homes neither being armed nor in combat. In this case, as ZDP and Rigalia are engaged in an armed conflict, Bermal as the leader of ZDP, although resting in his home, ceases to be a civilian but becomes a combatant.2.2The drones and missiles were used in accordance with IHL.Under IHL, the timing of attack should be chosen to limit civilian casualties. Generally, while strikes at residential areas during daytime might cause civilian loss on the street, strikes at night provide a better protection of the civilian population. Since the Operation was conducted at night, its timing conforms to IHL.  Draft Articles, Art. 6, UN Doc A/RES/56/83; See also Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Fifty-Third Session, UN GAOR, 55th Sess. Supp. No. 10, UN Doc.A/56/10, 44 (2001) [揇raft Articles Commentary擼. Draft Articles Commentary, at 44. Id, at 43. Id, at 44. Id. Nicaragua, supra note 13, at 54-5; id, at 48; Lehigh Valley (U.S. v. F.R.G.), 8 R.I.A.A. at 106. Hostage, supra note 19, at 29-30. Draft Articles Commentary 69. Nicaragua, supra note 13, at 65. Id, at 51. Id, at 65. Draft Articles, supra note 59, Art. 28. Definition of Aggression, G.A.Res.3314 (XXIX), U.N.GAOR, 6th Comm.29th Sess., 2319th plen, annex, U.N. Doc.A/RES/29/3314, Art. 6 (1974). Customary IHL, Rule 10, see Beck, supra note 49, at 37-42. Report on Protection for Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees and Others in Conflict Situations, UN Doc. s/1998/883, para. 12 (1998). International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Interpretive guidance on the notion of direct participation in hostilities under international humanitarian law, May 2009,available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4a670dec2.html[accessed 8 January 2011]. Prosecutor v. Kordi and erkez, 2004 ICTY, Case No. IT-95-14/2-A, Appeal Judgment, para. 51 (Dec. 17); Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaaki, 2004 ICTY, Case No. IT-95-14, Appeal Judgment, para. 114 (July 29); Prosecutor v. Mati, 2007 ICTY, Case No. IT-95-11, para. 52-3 (June 12). J. 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Red Cross 793, 800 (2006); Y. Dinstein, collateral damage and the principle of proportionality, in David Wippman & Matthew Evangelista eds, New wars, new law?: applying the laws of war in 21st century conflicts 221-2 (2005).  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